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#1 (permalink) |
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Hi Friends,
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#2 (permalink) |
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涂层测厚仪根据测量原理一般有以下五种类型: 1.磁性测厚法:适用导磁材料上的非导磁层厚度测量.导磁材料一般为 :钢\铁\银\镍.此种方法测量精度高 2.涡流测厚法:适用导电金属上的非导电层厚度测量.此种方法较 磁性测厚法精度低 3.超声波测厚法:目前国内还没有用此种方法测量涂镀层厚度的,国外个别厂家有这样的 仪器,适用多层涂镀层厚度的测量或则是以上两种方法都无法测量的场合.但一般价格昂贵\测量精度也不高. 4.电解测厚法:此方法有别于以上三种,不属于无损检测,需要破坏涂镀层.一般精度也不高.测量起来较其 他几种麻烦 5.放射测厚法:此种仪器价格非常昂贵(一般在10万RMB以上),适用于一些特殊场合. 国内目前使用最为普遍的是第1\2两种方法。 例:D-MPOR型两用涂层测厚仪 仪器由德国生产,集合了磁性测厚仪和涡流测厚仪两种仪器的功能,可用于测量铁 及非铁金属基体上涂层的厚度。如: * 钢铁上的铜、铬、锌等电镀层或油漆、涂料、搪瓷等涂层厚度。 * 铝、镁材料上阳极氧化膜的厚度。 * 铜、铝、镁、锌等非铁金属材料上的涂层厚度。 * 铝、铜、金等箔带材及纸张、塑料膜的厚度。 * 各种钢铁及非铁金属材料上热喷涂层的厚度。 仪器符合国家标准GB/T4956和GB/T4957,可用于生产检验、验收检验及质量监督检验。 仪器特点 * 采用双功能内置式探头,自动识别铁基或非铁基体材料,并选择相应的测量方式进行精确测量。 * 符合人体工程学设计的双显示屏结构,可以在任何测量位置读取测量数据。 * 采用手机菜单式功能选择方式,操作十分简便。 * 可设定上下限值,测量结果超出或符合上下限数值时,仪器会发出相应的声音或闪烁灯提示。 * 稳定性极高,通常不必校正便可长期使用。 技术规格 量 程: 0~2000μm 精 度: ±1μm(0~50μm),±2%(50μm~1000μm),±3%(1000μm~2000μm) 重复精度: ±0.5μm(0~100μm),±0.5%(>100μm) 测量面积: 最小测量面积为直径φ4mm 重 量: 60g(不含电池) 外形尺寸: 64mm×30m×85mm 电 源: 两节5号电池 标准配置 主 机: 1台 铁 基 体: 1块 铝 基 体: 1块 标准箔片: 1片 保 修 仪器保修一年,长期负责维修,提供使用和维护指导。 常规涂层测厚仪的原理 对材料表面保护、装饰形成的覆盖层,如涂层、镀层、敷层、贴层、化学生成膜等 ,在有关国家和国际标准中称为覆层(coating)。 覆层厚度测量已成为加工工业、表面工程质量检测的重要一环,是产品达到优等质量标准的必备手段。为使产 品国际化,我国出口商品和涉外项目中,对覆层厚度有了明确的要求。 覆层厚度的测量方法主要有:楔切法,光截法,电解法,厚度差测量法,称重法,X射线荧光法,β射线反向 散射法,电容法、磁性测量法及涡流测量法等。这些方法中前五种是有损检测,测量手段繁琐,速度慢,多适用于 抽样检验。 X射线和β射线法是无接触无损测量,但装置复杂昂贵,测量范围较小。因有放射源,使用者必须遵守射线防 护规范。X射线法可测极薄镀层、双镀层、合金镀层。β射线法适合镀层和底材原子序号大于3的镀层测量。电容 法仅在薄导电体的绝缘覆层测厚时采用。 随着技术的日益进步,特别是近年来引入微机技术后,采用磁性法和涡流法的测厚仪向微型、智能、多功能、 高精度、实用化的方向进了一步。测量的分辨率已达0.1微米,精度可达到1%,有了大幅度的提高。它适用范 围广,量程宽、操作简便且价廉,是工业和科研使用最广泛的测厚仪器。 采用无损方法既不破坏覆层也不破坏基材,检测速度快,能使大量的检测工作经济地进行。 测量原理与仪器 一. 磁吸力测量原理及测厚仪 永久磁铁(测头)与导磁钢材之间的吸力大小与处于这两者之间的距离成一定比例关系,这个距离就是覆层的 厚度。利用这一原理制成测厚仪,只要覆层与基材的导磁率之差足够大,就可进行测量。鉴于大多数工业品采用结 构钢和热轧冷轧钢板冲压成型,所以磁性测厚仪应用最广。测厚仪基本结构由磁钢,接力簧,标尺及自停机构组成 。磁钢与被测物吸合后,将测量簧在其后逐渐拉长,拉力逐渐增大。当拉力刚好大于吸力,磁钢脱离的一瞬间记录 下拉力的大小即可获得覆层厚度。新型的产品可以自动完成这一记录过程。不同的型号有不同的量程 与适用场合。 这种仪器的特点是操作简便、坚固耐用、不用电源,测量前无须校准,价格也较低,很适合车间做现场质量控 制。 二. 磁感应测量原理 采用磁感应原理时,利用从测头经过非铁磁覆层而流入铁磁基体的磁通的大小,来测定覆层厚度。也可以测定 与之对应的磁阻的大小,来表示其覆层厚度。覆层越厚,则磁阻越大,磁通越小。利用磁感应原理的测厚仪,原则 上可以有导磁基体上的非导磁覆层厚度。一般要求基材导磁率在500以上。如果覆层材料也有磁性,则要求与基 材的导磁率之差足够大(如钢上镀镍)。当软芯上绕着线圈的测头放在被测样本上时,仪器自动输出测试电流或测 试信号。早期的产品采用指针式表头,测量感应电动势的大小,仪器将该信号放大后来指示覆层厚度。近年来的电 路设计引入稳频、锁相、温度补偿等地新技术,利用磁阻来调制测量信号。还采用专利设计的集成电路,引入微机 ,使测量精度和重现性有了大幅度的提高(几乎达一个数量级)。现代的磁感应测厚仪,分辨率达到0.1um, 允许误差达1%,量程达10mm。 磁性原理测厚仪可应用来精确测量钢铁表面的油漆层,瓷、搪瓷防护层,塑料、橡胶覆层,包括镍铬在内的各 种有色金属电镀层,以及化工石油待业的各种防腐涂层。 三. 电涡流测量原理 高频交流信号在测头线圈中产生电磁场,测头靠近导体时,就在其中形成涡流。测头离导电基体愈近,则涡流 愈大,反射阻抗也愈大。这个反馈作用量表征了测头与导电基体之间距离的大小,也就是导电基体上非导电覆层厚 度的大小。由于这类测头专门测量非铁磁金属基材上的覆层厚度,所以通常称之为非磁性测头。非磁性测头采用高 频材料做线圈铁芯,例如铂镍合金或其它新材料。与磁感应原理比较,主要区别是测头不同,信号的频率不同,信 号的大小、标度关系不同。与磁感应测厚仪一样,涡流测厚仪也达到了分辨率0.1um,允许误差1%,量程1 0mm的高水平。 采用电涡流原理的测厚仪,原则上对所有导电体上的非导电体覆层均可测量,如航天航空器表面、车辆、家电 、铝合金门窗及其它铝制品表面的漆,塑料涂层及阳极氧化膜。覆层材料有一定的导电性,通过校准同样也可测量 ,但要求两者的导电率之比至少相差3-5倍(如铜上镀铬)。虽然钢铁基体亦为导电体,但这类任务还是采用磁性原理测量较为合适
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#3 (permalink) |
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Code for sexA husband and wife decided they needed to use "code" to indicate that they wanted to have sex without letting their children in on it. They decided on the word Typewriter.One day the husband told his five year old daughter, "Go tell your mommy that daddy needs to type a letter".The child told her mother what her dad said, and her mom responded, "Tell your daddy that he can't type a letter right now cause there is a red ribbon in the typewriter." The child went back to tell her father what mommy said.A few days later the mom told the daughter, "Tell daddy that he can type that letter now."The child told her father, returned to her mother and announced, "Daddy said never mind with the typewriter, he already wrote the letter by hand." Polyaluminum Chloride]Waste water treatmentWater treatment chemicals
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#4 (permalink) |
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Casino MachineFeatures:Name: Poker's Wild(Video Gaming) Model: GJ004 Features: The video gaming is consist of cabinet & PCB board, please refer KT002 for cabinet's spec. and GJ004-A for PCB board's spec.Dimension (W * D * H): 68 * 56 * 193cmVoltage: 110V/220V Weight: 162.5kg ...More Info...Address:420 Dabei Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou City,Guangdong province, China Tel:+86-20-84890101Fax:+86-20-84893725 E-mail:game@macrown.comE-mail:sales@macrown.com website:Macrown Electronic Development Co.,Ltd website:Macrown Electronic Development Co.,Ltd
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#5 (permalink) |
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The real evils, indeed, of wow gold Emma's situation were the power of having rather too much her own way, and a disposition to think a little wow gold too well of herself; these were the disadvantages which threatened alloy to her many enjoyments. The danger, however, was at wow power leveling present so unperceived, that they did not by any means rank as misfortunes with her. Sorrow came--a gentle sorrow--but not at all in the shape of any disagreeable consciousness.--Miss Taylor married. It was Miss Taylor's loss which first brought grief. It was on the wow powerleveling wedding-day of this beloved friend that Emma first sat in mournful thought of any continuance. The wedding over, and the bride-people gone, her father and herself were left to dine together, with no prospect of a third to cheer a long evening. Her father composed himself to sleep after dinner, as usual, and she had then only to sit and think of what she had lost.weiwei1978123
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